Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below the passage.

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA), or Clean India Mission is a country-wide campaign initiated by the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management (SWM). Phase 1 of the mission lasted till October 2019. Phase 2 will be implemented between 2020-21 and 2024-25.

The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it translates to "Clean India Mission". The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government employees and students from all parts of India participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural communities. At a rally in Champaran, the Prime minister called the campaign Satyagrah se Swachhagrah in reference to Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1916.

The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas "SBM - Gramin" was financed and monitored through the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation; whereas "SBM - urban" was overseen by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swachhagrahis, or "Ambassadors of cleanliness", promoted indoor plumbing and community approaches to sanitation (CAS) at the village level.Other activities included national real-time monitoring and updates from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as The Ugly Indian, Waste Warriors, and SWaCH Pune (Solid Waste Collection and Handling).

The government provided subsidy for construction of nearly 110 million toilets between 2014 and 2019, although many Indians especially in rural areas choose to not use them. The campaign was criticized for using coercive approaches to force people to use toilets. Many households were threatened with a loss of benefits such as access to electricity or food entitlements through the public distribution system.

Open defecation and contamination of drinking and bathing water has been an endemic sanitary problem in India.In 2014, India was the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation, around 530 million people.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign, launched on 2 October 2014 on birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, aimed to eradicate open defecation by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 90 million toilets in rural India at a projected cost of ₹1.96 lakh crore (US$27 billion). The national campaign spanned 4,041 statutory cities and towns. conceived in March 2014 at a sanitation conference organised by UNICEF India and the Indian Institute of Technology as part of the larger Total Sanitation Campaign, which the Indian government launched in 1999.

Initiated by the Government of India, the mission aimed to achieve an "open-defecation free" (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi. The objectives of the first phase of the mission also included eradication of manual scavenging, generating awareness and bringing about a behavior change regarding sanitation practices, and augmentation of capacity at the local level. The second phase of the mission aims to sustain the open defecation free status and improve the management of solid and liquid waste. The mission is aimed at progressing towards target 6.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals Number 6 established by the United Nations in 2015.The core objectives of the first phase of the mission were to reduce open defecation and improve management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas.Elimination of open defecation was to be achieved through construction of individual household level toilets (often twin pit pour flush pit latrines), community toilets and public toilets. For improving solid waste management, cities were encouraged to prepare detailed project reports that are bankable and have a financial model.The second phase on the other hand focuses on sustaining gains of the first phase and improving management of the solid and liquid wastes.

1) In which paragraph of the passage we can learn about of the objectives of the 1^st and the 2^nd phases of the mission?

a) 2^nd paragraph

b) 1^st paragraph

c) last paragraph

d) 4^th paragraph

e) None of these

2) Which of the following is the tone of the passage?

a) Laudatory

b) Euphemistic

c) Patronizing

d) Objective

e) None of these

3) Which of the following sentences talks/talk about background of the Swachh Bharat Mission?

A. In 2014, India was the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation, around 530 million people

B. Open defecation and contamination of drinking and bathing water has been an endemic sanitary problem in India.

C. The core objectives of the first phase of the mission were to reduce open defecation and improve management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas.

a) Both B and C

b) Both A and B

c) Both A and C

d) Only B

e) All A, B, C

4) Which of the following is/are not mentioned in the passage?

a) ODF

b) Indian Institute of Technology

c) UNICEF

d) Sustainable Development Goals

e) Sustainable Defection Goals

5) Which of the following is the pair of synonym and antonym of the word “eradication” give in bold in the passage.

a) Expunging: Elimination

b) Expunging: Removal

c) Extermination: Removal

d) Elimination: Extermination

e) None of these

Answers :

1) Answer: C

The objectives of the two phases of the mission are mentioned in the last paragraph of the passage “The core objectives of the first phase of the mission were to reduce open defecation and improve management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas. Elimination of open defecation was to be achieved through construction of individual household level toilets (often twin pit pour flush pit latrines), community toilets and public toilets. For improving solid waste management, cities were encouraged to prepare detailed project reports that are bankable and have a financial model. The second phase on the other hand focuses on sustaining gains of the first phase and improving management of the solid and liquid wastes”

2) Answer: D

Objective tone is used when the author provides information in an unbiased, neutral and factual manner.

In the passage the author has analyzed the matter of contraction GDP and presented lots of information and data about this matter. Hence, the tone of the passage is Objective.

Laudatory- When the author praises something or someone continuously

Euphemistic- When the author shows his dislike for something or someone in an indirect way.

Patronizing- When the author displays scornful expressions with regard to things considered inferior in his view.

3) Answer: B

Statement C talks about the objective of the mission. Statement A and B provide the background of the Swachh Bharat Mission.

Hence (b) is correct.

4) Answer: E

All the options except (e) are mentioned in the passage.

ODF (open-defecation free): Last Para

Indian Institute of Technology:6^th Para

UNICEF:6^th Para

Sustainable Development Goals: Last Para

5) Answer: E

Eradication-the complete destruction of something.

In all the options we have the pairs of the synonyms of “Eradication”.

Hence (e) is correct.