Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

The ambitious initiative of the Narendra Modi government to bring about far-reaching reform in agriculture has run into severe weather, mainly over fears that the free market philosophy at its core could spell the end of MSPs for produce that has so far been centrally procured by the government. An allied party’s Minister, Harsimrat Kaur Badal (Akali Dal) has resigned in protest, and there is a strong pushback from farmers against three Bills that seek to replace ordinances issued in June, on key aspects of the farm economy — trade in agricultural commodities, price assurance, farm services including contracts, and stock limits for essential commodities. The opposition to the Bills, particularly on trade, flows from the position, articulated by Punjab, that agriculture and markets are State subjects, and there should be no tinkering with the MSP and Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMC), that form the backbone of existing trading arrangements. Several States have already liberalised agricultural marketing, amending their APMC Acts, and some have allowed regulated private commerce including direct marketing. Yet, provisions in the Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020, providing for unfettered commerce in designated trade areas outside APMC jurisdictions without levy of any fee, and more generally, empowering the Centre to issue orders to States in furtherance of the law’s objectives, have alarmed States. A challenge has been mounted by Rajasthan, declaring central warehouses as procurement centres under its APMC Act, and therefore required to pay a market fee to the State

Mr. Modi has characterised the arguments as misleading, promising that the MSP system will continue. This is welcome, but the new dispensation cannot bring cheer to small farmers, who form the majority and whose access levels to markets under the APMC system are at the rate of one for an area of 434.48 sq. km on average — well below the recommendation of the National Commission on Farmers (NCF), at one market for 80 sq. km. There is evidence also that mere liberalisation does not lead to private investment in new markets. When Bihar removed the APMC system, markets suffered loss of fee revenue, with no significant private investments in the sector. If the Centre’s intent is to strengthen competition, it should massively fund the expansion of the APMC market system, removing trade cartels, and providing farmers good roads, logistics of scale and real time information. Rather than opt for heavy centralisation, the emphasis should be on empowering farmers through State Farmers Commissions recommended by the NCF, to bring about a speedy government response to issues. Without strong institutional arrangements, laissez-faire policy may harm lakhs of unorganised small farmers, who have been remarkably productive and shored up the economy even during a pandemic.

1) What is the meaning of the idiom “run into severe weather” given in bold in the passage?

a) get encouragement

b) face arguments

c) face difficulties

d) get prevention

e) None of these

2) Which of the following ideas belongs to the above passage?

A. The govt. of India needs to implement stringent rules in order to prevent the covid-19 pandemic

B. New deal for agriculture needs good regulated markets ahead of private competition

C. In our digital age, writing anything by hand beyond the shopping list may seem outdated, but a new Norwegian study suggests that handwriting may be more beneficial than typing.

a) Both A and B

b) Both A and C

c) Only C

d) Only B

e) None of these

3) Which state declared central warehouses as procurement centres under its APMC Act?

a) Uttar Pradesh

b) Madhya Pradesh

c) Rajasthan

d) West Bengal

e) None of these

4) Fill the blank with information from the passage.

When _____________ removed the APMC system, markets suffered loss of fee revenue, with no significant private investments in the sector.

a) Uttar Pradesh

b) Madhya Pradesh

c) Rajasthan

d) West Bengal

e) None of these

5) What is the meaning of the phrase “shored up” given in bold in the passage?

a) destroyed

b) prevented

c) increased

d) supported

e) none of these

Answers :

1) Answer: C

Native speakers of English generally say 'hit rough weather'/ “run into severe weather”. The idiom is mostly used to mean to run into difficulties or experience problems.

Hence (c) is correct.

2) Answer: D

If we read the passage carefully, we will be able to understand that the passage is about the reforms in the agriculture sector.

Hence only the idea of statement B belongs to the passage.

3) Answer: C

It is mentioned in the last sentence of the 1^st paragraph of the passage “A challenge has been mounted by Rajasthan, declaring central warehouses as procurement centres under its APMC Act, and therefore required to pay a market fee to the State”

4) Answer: E

The correct answer is “Bihar”, it is mentioned in the 2^nd paragraph of the passage “When Bihar removed the APMC system, markets suffered loss of fee revenue, with no significant private investments in the sector.”

5) Answer: D

“Shored up” means to make something stronger by supporting it.

Hence (d) is correct.